If katakana is meant for transcribing foreign words, why are some common consonants missing?

Preamble: I am not learning Japanese, but just vaguely familiar with it and curious. Hope this is the right sub to ask this!

My question refers to some consonants like

V being approximated to B

F to P

"th" perhaps to D or T depending on if it's voiced (not certain on this one)

If this writing system is partially meant to write foreign words, why are these common consonants not included in the system and taught in schools, rather than approximating them?

To be fair, I can't think of another language that uses the "th" sounds, but F and V sounds seem pretty common across Romance and Germanic languages

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