How did adult indigenous people learn the language of their colonizers?

For example, when Europeans arrived in North America, how difficult was it to teach the adult indigenous population their languages? Were there substantial efforts to teach adults in language classes or did efforts mostly focused on their children? Today there are still First Nations population in Canada like Inuit elders who only speak Inuktitut.

In Canada residential schools forced children to speak English or French by taking them away from their parents, in effect breaking up their native languages. Was it any different in French Africa ? My understanding is that most adults probably didn't get very far in learning another language at the time of first contact but their children who were sent to colonial schools became the first generation of language speakers outside of their native tongues.

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